Is the human race on a collision course for its own destruction?

Before I begin I feel that I need to express a point. The point I must make is that this is my opinion about this chosen topic and I hope it will be read with a open mind and not cast down before it has been finished. What I would like to discuss in written form is ‘Is the human race on a collision course for its own destruction' which needs no further addressment by myself but I feel the need to express a point or two. Human life has existed on this planet for a relatively short amount of time considering the age of the planet upon which we inhabit. We have evolved on Earth from a simple ‘goo' that has been dubbed ‘primordial soup' by those ever clever scientists. This fact maybe false by religious standards but it is the most likely solution to the problem of how we came to be. For Christian people we were came to be by an omnipotent being that took out the time to create two people, Adam and Eve, and I think that this is a good example of peoples delusions of supremacy. For thousands of years now man and woman have played an overwhelming part in the development of this planet usually with the misconception that Earth is theirs and theirs alone and everything else is just here for are needs. We have destroyed landscape to accommodate our needs of hoes, farmland and entertainment. This is normally done with little regard for the previous inhabitants be they man or beast, especially concerning the treatment of native Indians on what is now American soil. All this is done for ‘progress', the usual excuse so that the superior people can beat on the weak. The advancement in technology is aided by the legions of great scientific minds which always seem to be controlled by some military power somewhere in the shadows watching, with interest what it is that is created next. As soon as a more advanced technology is developed it is used to show strength over neighbouring countries be they friend or foe. One of the biggest problems is that all this technology can and probably be used to destroy each other as long as they are continually brought under the control of power mongers such as governments run by politicians. To think that our own destruction is a certainty is an incorrect opinion to have, there are many variables that could change any future timeline, so who knows what the future will hold for us. There is always the chance for reformation where humanity will realise that they are in control of their fate and don't have to conform to human natures tendency to try and destroy itself. For those whoa re fans of science fiction it may be apparent that Earth is either depicted as a world in trouble, with a large population and lots of pollution like in such movies as Blade Runner and others. The other side of this point is seen in such programs as Star Trek where humanity has been united with the thought that they are not alone in the universe. The program depicts a highly advanced culture that has broke free from the corruptive shekels of money and governmental rule. When people realise that there is only one race on Earth and that is the Human Race then they will be able to get along better. Money also presents a problem, that's not to say it should be abolished and communism should take president because it has been shown time and time again that it cannot work in today's world. I think the best thing to do is carry on with existence doing the best you can to make life just a bit easier for yourself and others around. If you can do that I am confident that everything will fall into place and sort itself out.

GCSE media studies coursework Essay

In this essay I will be comparing two articles taken from local newspapers in different areas. I will be looking at the techniques used in each article and their effectiveness. I will use this comparison to eventually decide which article is the more effective of the two. The two headlines from the articles are quite different. ‘Inches from tragedy’ is a large, bold headline written in a way that makes you want to see what the headline is talking about, as it sounds serious. ‘Firemen free bathroom tot’ on the other hand is quite small for a headline and only really uses one emotive word, free, making it sound like the child was imprisoned, which is worse than what actually happened. I think that ‘Inches from tragedy’ is the more effective of the two headlines because it grabs the readers attention and uses a lot of emotive language in such a short space to make the reader carry on reading. The language used in these articles is quite emotive in both cases. Both articles use exaggeration to tell you what they are trying to say. This is especially evident from quotes like â€Å"escaped death by inches† and â€Å"impossible for him to get out† as they are telling the truth about the events that occurred in each case, but are blatantly over-emotive to make the article more interesting. The firemen free bathroom tot article especially exagerrates the situation as it makes a toddler stuck in a bathroom sound like a major rescue attempt, whereas the other article Inches from tragedy features a very serious situation anyway. I think that both articles use emotive language very well, and that they are equally good at getting there point across through using language. Both of the articles feature one long, main interview and one shorter interview towards the end of the article. The interviews have been included in each case to give the reader an account of the events in the article from one of the people involved. This is a good idea as people who were actually involved in the events of the article will be able to give more information on what actually happened, and will probably know things that no-one else does. Having interviews also makes the reader sympathise with the people involved, especially if it is coming from one of the people mentioned in the main first paragraph of the article. The people who put together the articles must make sure that everything they include in the interviews is relevant and that they are not too long. I think that the article that uses interviews and quotes better is probably Inches from tragedy, because all the information given is relevant to and informative about what happened. I also think this because the interviews featured are not too long and leave room in the article for other information. Having a picture in an article is a good idea, because it lets the reader see exactly who was involved and let them see what effect the events of the article have had on them if at all. It can also give extra visual information to back up what is said in the article. This is especially evident in the picture from Inches from tragedy as it not only gives a picture of the avalanche victims, but also diagrams and labelled photos to show exactly what happened and where and when it happened. Journalists may also include pictures in their articles because it breaks it up and makes it seem like less to read. An article consisting entirely of text can seem quite daunting. Again Firemen free bathroom tot is nicely done with a good picture of the firemen and the child they ‘rescued’, but Inches from tragedy uses it’s picture better because as well as a photo of the two brothers caught in the avalanche, it has informative and interesting diagrams as backup to the article. Using fact and opinion in an article is good because it lets the reader compare an outside factual account of what happened with an opinion given from a reliable source. These two things will probably differ from each other, so it is good to give the reader both so that they can compare the two to see what actually happened. As well as differing from each other fact and opinion also back each other up on certain points of the article, such as the effect something has had on certain people. Fact and opinion can add drama to a piece, but the journalist would be better off making sure that they tie in with one-another, rather than being totally different. This would give well backed up accounts of what happened, adding a sense of drama to the article. Both articles use fact and opinion very well and I think are equally successful at giving well backed up information about what happened in each. These articles are obviously aimed at different audiences. Inches from Tragedy is found in the Metro, a newspaper which is probably aimed at city types and people who live in places dominated by big news. Firemen free bathroom tot on the other hand is found in the Bury St. Edmunds Citizen which is probably aimed at the people who live in the town of Bury St. Edmunds where news like that in this article would probably be big in the town, but not many other places. This means that the article from the Metro has been written in an interesting and emotive style, but is condensed to a size that can be read quite quickly. It also contains just the basic facts about what happened, backed up by good interviews. The other article on the other hand is about the same length, but contains a lot of information on what happened, backed up by fairly short interviews with the people involved. This more long-winded style is probably better suited to an article of this nature. The final effect on the articles is that Inches from tragedy is interesting to anyone because of the use of language and pictures, but Firemen free bathroom tot would only be found interesting by the people of Bury St. Edmunds. However, this is probably what both articles wanted to achieve anyway, so they are both quite effective at reaching their target audience. Overall, I think that both articles are effective at getting their story across to the people intended. They both feature emotive language, a large headline, interviews and a picture. Inches from tragedy was very well put together and extremely informative. The language used and the picture are two of this article’s main strong points, but it could do with more information on what happened and how instead of the excess of interviews. Firemen free bathroom tot is also very well written and is probably aimed at being something of a comedy article. It makes the situation sound major by using lots of exagerration and emotive language. However, sometimes the language used is a bit too much for the situation, as it isn’t anywhere near as serious as the article makes out. There is also quite a bit of irrelevant information in the article, such as the child looking at the fire engine. I think the most successful of these two articles has to be Inches from  Tragedy, because it is interesting, informative and not too long. It also backs up the information given in the articles by picking out relevant quotes and sections from interviews. The other article I feel doesn’t do this as well and so it just loses out.

The Intercultural Communication in the Sports and Politics Essay

The Intercultural Communication in the Sports and Politics - Essay Example The sports events like the Olympics and the World Cup though are more about sports have been used over time to engage in high levels of public diplomacy (Murray, 2013). In this case, the sporting events are useful in undertaking Intercultural Public Relations. However, even when engaging in public diplomacy, those in charge resort to using language that is acceptable to all the people from different backgrounds thus contributing to a large extent in influencing intercultural communication (Baraldi, 2015). On the other hand, using sport in changing public relations or political relations is a means through which nation brand themselves. For instance, the 2014 Olympics games in Russia were overshadowed by Vladimir Putin’s passing of anti-gay laws before the games kicked off. Putin had to respond to public and media attention. In response, the USA media portrayed how Russia was not in the same league of human rights as the rest of the world. Therefore, the Russian example shows h ow sporting events are being used as platforms for airing political differences and also at the time being crucial to influencing other societies to embrace tolerance. Nonetheless, the fight for political supremacy through sports entails engaging in intercultural communication where nations use language that is accepted by the rest of the world as a community (Allen, 2011). For instance, in the Russian scenario, the country is against homosexuality though the Olympic Games was used to encourage the country.

Interview Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview - Case Study Example on suffering mental illness; a summary of the findings and concise note using the subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) format with each patients encountered findings. The essay also provides some examples to support the findings. First, Psychiatric history: this refers to the mental profile of the patient. It involves critical information about the patient’s chief complaint, their present illness, any psychological ailments they have made before or in the onset as well as after the mental illness (Hughes, & Kleespies, 2002). In this stage, more specific and closed ended questions could be asked during the assessment process so that the details of the patient’s illness or rather their profiles can be obtained. For instance, a patient who responds that, â€Å"I am just depressed.† Can be engaged further in questing through asking leading questions like, how long has the depression been? How often has the situation been? Or how long has this taken? Questions as such enable an in-depth understanding of the patient thus enabling a good history assessment of the mentally ill patient. Secondly: medical history of the patient. This is medically understood as the patient’s past and evens the present and future that may communicate information relevant for their future, present and past health (Hughes, & Kleespies, 2002). It is an account of all the medical problems and events that an individual has experienced. It also includes other medical facts and treatments or injuries that an individual has been through. As much as possible, they are taken in the patient’s own words. The drugs taken, past and present hobbies use of alcoholics as well as an exhaustive survey of any symptoms that may not have been covered in the patient. This medical history is an important part of the health assessment of a patient with mental illness. The 41 year old woman complaining of restlessness, little need for sleep, racing thoughts, inability to concentrate, alcohol

Human Resources Administration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources Administration - Assignment Example The issue regarding the sales representative of the company is about performing unethical behavior within the company. The sales representative of the company has violated the rules of the working guidelines of the company by selling certain products into the flea market. In other words, the sales representative of the company has performed a kind of fraudulent practice that could adversely cost the company in the long term. The unethical or fraudulent practices are generally carried out due to several reasons. The reasons for performing certain fraudulent practices within a company or an organization can be owing to ensuring their survival in the business or reducing the burden of financial problems by executing unethical practices within the company. In this case, the sales representative has performed unethical and conducted fraudulent practice with the company by selling certain products into the flea market. The crucial reason of the sales representative for performing such fraudulent act is due to the financial burden that the sales representative faced while being separated from his spouse. It has been recognized that the accused sales representative of the company, Bruce has performed an unethical as well as fraudulent act by selling certain products of the company into the flea market. The sales representative of the company has purchased certain products by participating in the staff purchase program that is allowed by the company every month to its employees. The sales representative got the idea of selling the products into the flea market that he acquired from the staff purchase program which is conducted by the company for the sake of their employees. In order to respond towards the fraudulent or unethical practice that is performed by the sales representative, certain major actions need to be taken into consideration. The key action would be to

Modern Classics of Comparative Politics (SEE INSTRUCTIONS) Essay

Modern Classics of Comparative Politics (SEE INSTRUCTIONS) - Essay Example America’s political structure is democratic, but the structure of some other country, say Zimbabwe in Africa is not heavily keeled towards democracy. One can only term this political system employed in Zimbabwe and other African nations as being dictatorial ship. China operates on a communist policy. A country like Britain has a combination of both aristocratic as well as democratic systems. Following the above differentiation, a number of questions arise. For instance, how then are these systems of government determined? Why can’t all nations in the world adopt particular system of government? Who determines what system of government is suitable for a certain nation and unsuitable for the other? What is the criterion that is used in this concept? How are the different systems of government differentiated from each other? Why did some forms of systems succeed in a particular nation and failed in the other? This paper will answer these questions by taking a comparative analysis of different political setups and systems. This will be done through a review of a number of books, articles and journals that have illuminated on these concepts on a large scale. The paper will also divulge fully into the review of one of these articles to try and critically evaluate how successful comparative research design in politics is in the execution of the authors’ objectives, and consider how alternative research designs may have improved or worsened the study. Before engaging into the corpus of this argument, it s vital to ensure that all factors relating to this concepts are laid bare. Some terms that will be vastly used in this paper will be defined here beforehand for ease of flow of the ideas to be presented in this paper. These terms constitute the different forms of political systems that various countries in the world adopt in their political structures. They are Presdentialism, authoritarian and

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Change Management - Essay Example In a world which is slowly shrinking, most organizations, especially multi-nationals, have a pool of employees spread across the world or they decide to outsource part of the staff internationally, where the new employees are from a different part of the world. This means immense cultural diversity and makes it a challenge to implement a uniform, organisation-wide change, where all employees would understand and agree with the change. Radically new technologies: Employees can be overwhelmed with the rapid advancement of technology, which could be challenging to work with in the absence of proper guidance, and make them feel inadequate. The point of origin of change: Change is mostly planned and initiated in the upper echelons of the organization because the need for change can be perceived by only those who have access to the bigger picture, or the external challenges like market forces and increasing competition. They know how the change would affect the organization as a whole, but there is usually no clear concept in the higher management about how the change would affect the worker on the floor, and hence they are often unable to communicate the consequences of change adequately, leaving the staff confused: â€Å"Many change projects are designed and launched at such a high level in the organization that all the planning is unrelated to the everyday, operational details that make up the lives of most workers. In such cases, the decision-makers often have no idea how changes will actually make anyone's life or job.

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics Research Paper

Analysis of Personal and Organizational Ethics - Research Paper Example Such an analysis is done in the context of personal and organizational ethics and values between non-for profit and for profit business organizations. To drive the thesis in this particular context, Goodwill Industries International and CarHop Automobiles are used as representatives of non-for profit and for profit business respectively to address the theory of decision making on the concept of morality within the consequalism and deontogical ethical orientations. Therefore, there is general agreement that for both profit and non-profit businesses must be socially responsible in considering ethical norms set by society. (Friedman, 1988) Good Will Industries International History and Rationale for existence In 1902, Dr. Edgar J. Helms, a Methodist minister and his associates thought of an idea of establishing a non for profit organization which later saw the birth of Good Will International Industries established in Boston in the same year. The then Methodist Minister took a burlap ba g and headed straight to the wealthiest households of Boston requesting for charitable donations but not money. As people started recognizing the need for charity and giving, Dr. Edgar opened the stores and hired people occasionally when the need arose especially to assist in repairing of some of the damaged items and re-sale the donated products to convert them into monetary value. (Goodwill Industries International, 2012) Goodwill Industries International is a non for profit organization established in the year 1910 in a bid to assist individuals with disabilities, those who lack education or job experience or face challenges related to employment. Goodwill Industries achieve its program objectives through training of these identified individuals for careers inside their corporation so that they are provided with equal employment opportunities. Later in the years, Helm visited Morgan Memorial Cooperative Industries and Stores, Inc where he learned various innovative approaches tha t were used in the organization, which then inspired him to start using Morgan’s innovative approaches to doing in its programs and started a local industry at Brooklyn called â€Å"Goodwill Industries† employing improved techniques to Morgan’s business. Within the very many years that have marked its existence as a non-for profit organization, Goodwill has generated $4 billion in revenue. In his own statement Helms characterizes Goodwill as an â€Å"a multidimensional program that provides for the industrial needs as well as a social program, providing employment, training and also rehabilitating people who have limited access to employment, and replenishing resources to underprivileged persons in the social set up† (Goodwill Industries International, 2012) In the foregoing context, Goodwill Industries operates on a mission to â€Å"enhance the dignity and quality of life of individuals and families by strengthening communities, eliminating barriers to opportunity, and helping people in need reach their full potential through learning and the power of work†. According to Goodwill, 2012 webpage, the organization envisions a society â€Å"where every person has an equal opportunity to achieve his/her fullest potential and participate in and contribute in all aspects of life.† To order to achieve the aforementioned vision, Goodwill recognizes the value of respect, stewardship, ethics, learning and innovation. Rationale for existence The organization started by providing programs at Brooklyn in most lacking social service with regard to employment. However, it soon became evident that similar situations were also experienced in other parts of the country, hence forming

Final Op-Ed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final Op-Ed - Essay Example However, states can force all public schoolchildren to be vaccinated for disease. Though most think mandatory vaccinations is a matter of public safety therefore a good idea, others, at least in some circumstances, think it an example of government overreach. The latest controversy involving forced vaccinations was during the Republican primary election earlier this year when the subject of HPV became part of the political discussion. The virus is spread by sexual contact and can cause cancer. While some parents were in favor of mandating the vaccine, other objected on moral grounds reasoning that making sex a little safer would encourage students to engage in sex. The larger question is should the government mandate vaccinations at all? Yes say the vast majority and for sound reasoning as opposed to the â€Å"reasoning† offered by those opposed to the HPV vaccine. While some oppose forced immunizations due to religious and personal reasons it is the responsibility of society to protect its children by mandating students receives vaccinations. The government is the vehicle that society uses to enforce necessary protections. Society draws a legal distinction between adult and minors. Children are shielded from harms as much as possible. Mandatory vaccinations have been required for public school attendance since anyone can remember because parents do not want their children to be ill, whether stricken with a common cold or polio. It is a socially responsible act. Immunizing all children does not sacrifice their civil liberties. Some parents object but simply because some people do not bother to research the consequences of not allowing their child to have vaccinations should not condemn all other kids at school to being exposed to crippling illnesses. The issue of government intrusion into people’s private affairs is a valid one but is a different discussion when

Internship Sample Essay Example for Free

Internship Sample Essay I decided to do the internship for the BAS Supervision and Management program in my own employment site. Florida International University (FIU) is an American public research university in Greater Miami, Florida, in the United States, with its main campus in University Park in Miami-Dade County. It is classified as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation and a first-tier research university by the Florida Legislature. Founded in 1965, FIU is the youngest university to be awarded a Phi Beta Kappa chapter by the Phi Beta Kappa Society, the countrys oldest academic honor society. FIU belongs to the 12-campus State University System of Florida and is one of Floridas primary graduate research universities, awarding over 3,400 graduate and professional degrees annually. The university offers 191 programs of study with more than 280 majors in 23 colleges and schools. FIU offers many graduate programs, including architecture, business administration, engineering, law, and medicine, offering 81 masters degrees, 34 doctoral degrees, and 3 professional degrees. FIU is the largest university in South Florida, the 2nd-largest in Florida, and the 7th-largest in the United States. Total enrollment in 2012 was 50,394 students, including 14,177 graduate students, and 2,974 full-time faculty with over 180,000 alumni around the world. In 2012, FIUs research expenditure was $104.6 million, with an endowment of $140 million. The university has an annual budget of $1.07 billion. 1.Managing Schedules a.Establishing consistency can be a challenge b.Challenges with staff that have same schedule c.Rotating schedules d.Accrued Time i.Making sure there is coverage ii.Vacation and Sick Time 2.HR Issues a.When to escalate a situation b.HR Department c.Department Head 3.Morale a.How to improve/maintain 4.Managing Projects a.Different than regular duties. They are usually a one-time or more strategic in nature. 5.Regular Duties a.Job description in daily tasks 6.Staff Meetings a.Consistent b.Solutions oriented 7.Staff Activities a.Lunches/Birthdays 8.Interviews a.Knowing how to ask the right question b.Reading resume c.Testing 9.Culture and how it affects management styles and employees 10.Follow Up a.Importance of following up with the staff 11.Top down management a.Impact from the top 12.Professional development for staff a.Giving them the opportunity 13.Policies a.Reading, learning, knowing where to find them 14.Managing your Supervisor a.Characters b.Patience c.Support 15.You are a reflection of your staff As per a discussion with my supervisor, I will be following instructions and helping her in the performance of all those tasks.

Electrical Detection Of Liquid Lithium Leaks from Pipe Joint

Electrical Detection Of Liquid Lithium Leaks from Pipe Joint Contents (Jump to) 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Theory Of Operation 3.0 Hardware and Electrical Circuit 4.0 Result from Test Circuit 5.0 Summary 1.0 Introduction Liquid lithium is a candidate plasma facing component (PFC) material for a fusion reactor, and lithium PFCs have been shown to improve plasma confinement and reduce impurities in tokamaks such as TFTR, 1 CDX-U, 2 NSTX,3, 4 FTU,5 and HT-7.6 In a reactor, the liquid lithium would have to be circulated in a loop system for power handling and the removal of impurities including tritium. A circulating system is more complicated than the static configurations used to date in fusion devices, and so requires further development and testing: for example, in a liquid lithium system, the ability of a system to safely freeze, re-liquefy, and then continue operation without leaks is essential. The Liquid Lithium Test Stand (LLTS) is being constructed at Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPL) to gain experience with flowing lithium systems, and as a prototype for circulating lithium in future PFC test modules. The LLTS consists of an upper and lower reservoir, a rotating permanent magnet pump, and an electromagnetic flow meter. The top of the reservoirs are kept under vacuum. The LLTS is designed to operate at up to 500 à ¢- ¦C and contain up to 2 l of lithium. Connections of the pipe to the reservoirs are welded, but all other joints are demountable VCR fittings to ease construction, maintenance, and reconfiguration of the loop. Compared to a weld, a demountable joint is more likely to leak, which is a major safety concern since liquid lithium is hot (over 200 à ¢- ¦C) and reacts with atmospheric gases, water, and concrete. The LLTS therefore requires a design to minimize the impact of potential leaks, including a system to detect leaks and actuate control systems. 2.0 Theory of Operation We monitor for leaks of liquid lithium from a pipe joint by using the conductivity of the leaking liquid metal to complete a circuit. Liquid lithium at 400 à ¢- ¦C has a resistivity9 of 32 ÃŽ ¼ cm, roughly three times less than that of 316 stainless steel at the same temperature, 10 102 ÃŽ ¼ cm. A conducting shell, normally electrically isolated from the pipe, surrounds each VCR fitting. If lithium leaks it will contact the shell, which will no longer be electrically isolated from the pipe. A circuit monitors for continuity between the pipe and the shell. If continuity is detected, the control systems are actuated: power to the heaters and pump motor is turned off so that the lithium in the loop can cool down and solidify. 3.0 Hardware and Electrical Circuit The loop is constructed from 316 stainless steel, which is resistant to corrosion by liquid lithium. The pipe of the loop has a 3/8 in. diameter and pipe joints are 5/8 in. Swages lock VCR fittings, with special non-silver-coated stainless steel gaskets. Each VCR fitting is surrounded by a 0.050 in. thick cylindrical copper shell, electrically isolated from the pipe by Cotronics Ultra Temp 390 ceramic tape. A mockup of the shell around VCR fittings is shown in Figure 1. The ends of the cylinders are attached to the body by a temperature compatible braze. The shell is cut in half so that it can be positioned around the fitting. The two halves then are fastened in place by a metal band. A wire lug for the leak detector circuit is attached by a tapped hole on one cylinder end face. While copper readily alloys with lithium, it was chosen as the shell material because of its high thermal diffusivity. The shells will not be thermally insulated as the pipes will, so they will be cooler than the liquid lithium inside the pipe. If lithium leaks out of a VCR fitting, it will be physically contained by the shell and cooled down by the copper acting as a heat sink. The combination of alloying and lower temperature reduces reactivity. On this principle, copper powder fire extinguishers for lithium fires were developed.11 In order to prevent lithium from reacting with air, and that which might leak from the shells from contacting the concrete floor, the loop will be surrounded by an argon-filled stainless steel enclosure which includes a floor plate with walls sufficiently high to contain the entire inventory of liquid lithium. An electrical circuit, shown in Figure 2, monitors for continuity between the copper shell and the pipe. The inputs to the circuit are the two lea ds in the lower left of the figure: the upper lead is attached to a copper shell, and the lower (ground) lead is attached to the loop. Normally, the â€Å"+† input of the comparator is pulled up above the â€Å"–† Comparator Reference Voltage by a 100 k resistor attached to a 5 V supply. If there is a fault in the loop such as a leak of lithium or a physical contact between some part of the copper shell and the pipe that allows current to flow from the upper lead to ground, the â€Å"+† input of the comparator is pulled below the reference voltage. This causes the comparator to output 0 V and the relay latches off the power to the heaters and pump. A fault draws current through the 100 k pull up resistor and also through a front panel LED, which lights. FIG. 1. One channel of the interlock circuit. If there is a fault (such as a leak) that causes the open circuit at left to be shorted, the â€Å"+† input of the comparator will be pulled down, the comparator will output 0 V, and the relay will open, latching off the power to the heaters and pump. FIG. 2. Block diagram of the interlock system for the heaters and pump motor. If the leak detector circuit detects a fault, or the E-stop button is pushed, power to the pump motor and heaters will be turned off until the leak detectors register no fault on all channels and the start button is pushed. â€Å"MC† is the motor controller and â€Å"SSR† is the solid state relays. In order to ensure that it is easy to identify the location of a fault, for each channel there is an analog LED on a front panel display that will light up in case of a fault. One additional normally-on LED for each board shows that the interlock system itself is powered on. The fault status of each channel in the interlock system is monitored and recorded by a PC with lab VIEW. The digital output of the comparator for each channel is sent to a SCB- 68A connector box which is attached to a 6323 National Instruments card in the PC. The lab VIEW program polls each interlock channel at 1 kHz, in order to record intermittent faults. Each channel has two displays in lab VIEW: one for its present status, and one indicating whether there has ever been a fault in the time since a â€Å"reset† was clicked. Since the analog front panel display shows the present status, this lab VIEW display would allow an operator to see where a past fault occurred. Additionally, for ease of monitoring, a schematic of the loop shows the status of each leak detector in its proper location. Every second, for each channel, the program logs to a file whether there has been any fault during that 1 s period. Along with thermocouple and pressure data in the same file, this could aid in reconstruction of the circumstances surrounding a fault. Note that the PC with Lab VIEW is for monitoring and logging only, and it is not at present part of any control loop. 4.0 Result from Test Circuit The electrical systems described were constructed. The open-circuit voltage between the sensing terminals was 3.5 V, and the short-circuit current (limited by the 220 resistor) was 15 mA. The reference voltage potentiometers were adjusted for maximum sensitivity so that any resistance between the sensing terminals of less than 2 k triggers the interlock. A test of the interlock system was performed in air with gallium as a surrogate liquid metal. Gallium was poured into a section of pipe with a VCR fitting gasket that was intentionally damaged by cutting a small slit. As expected, gallium leaked out from the damaged gasket, contacted the copper shell, and triggered the interlock. 5.0 Summary The resistance of a liquid lithium leak should be much less than the 2 k maximum resistance to trigger the interlock: even a 1 cm long, 1 ÃŽ ¼m radius cylinder of liquid lithium between the copper shell and pipe would have a resistance of only 1 k and would trigger the interlock. The LTS will be in an argon-filled enclosure to minimize lithium reactions if leaks occur. Lithium compounds that do form with any residual gases will dissolve in the liquid lithium, 12 and should not affect its electrical conductivity in the time it takes to trigger the interlock system. One potential problem of this system is that an open circuit between the two sensing terminals is the normal condition: if one of the sensing wires were to become disconnected or be cut, that channel would cease to be able to detect a fault, but there would be no indication in the system of a problem. A testing procedure or additional system could be developed to ensure operation of all leak detector channels. Another issue is that only VCR fitting joints are monitored. A leak elsewhere in the LTS would not trigger the interlock system. It could be advantageous to have an additional non-localized leak detection system, for example, by monitoring for a sudden change in pressure in the loop. While the vacuum pressure above the reservoirs is monitored and logged, pressure readings are not at present incorporated into the interlock system. The LTS, a test stand for flowing liquid lithium and liquid lithium PFC test modules at PPL, is being constructed. A circuit to detect leaks at the demountable joints in the loop has been constructed and tested with a surrogate liquid metal, gallium. If a leak is detected, the circuit actuates a control system, latching off power to the heaters and pump in order to bring the loop to a safer state. Liquid lithium leaking from joint contacts the surrounding copper shell, completing the leak detector circuit. The copper shell helps lower the reactivity of leaking lithium b y alloying with the lithium and by acting as a heat sink.

The Essence of Time in Marvells To His Coy Mistress :: His Coy Mistress Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The male species has a very creative mind.   The creative mind becomes particularly active when the case involves the female species.   In Andrew Marvell's   "To His Coy Mistress,"   the author shows how his creative mind is put to use.   Marvell, uses time in an   attempt to manipulate his coy mistress.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time is depicted in three different manners.   First, Marvell uses "ideal time."   In ideal time, he tells how many years he would spend loving her if they were given the opportunity.   He explains to his mistress that if time allowed, he would spend hundreds of years just to   admire her physical being.   Next, he implicates   "real time,"   to persuade her to become accessible to him.   In real time, Marvell gives examples of her aging and how she will go to the grave with her pride if she doesn't give in.   Finally, the use of   "optimum time" plays on her emotions of how sweet the opportunity to make love to her would be.   Marvell tells his mistress that the act would   be almost animalistic and intense.   Throughout the poem, he   uses the phases of time in an attempt to frighten her into having sex with him.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All three stanza's in the poem   represent a different   time frame. The first   gives his mistress a feeling of   unconditional love.   He leads her to believe he would give all he has to her as   long as time will permit. During the second stanza, Marvell plays on her fear of getting old.   He warns   her that her beauty isn't everlasting and that   she will end up unhappy alone if she doesn't give in.   Marvell's use of optimum time,   the best time, show's his emotions.   He appears to become aggravated.   This seems to be his ace in the hole.   In my opinion, he uses what he believes to be the dearest thing to her, the situation of right here, right now.

Analyzing Themes in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken Essay -- Road No

Analyzing Themes in Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken This is a wonderful poem with many different themes and ideas. One of the biggest themes is not being afraid to take a chance. Some of the other themes include, not following the crowd, trying new things, and standing for something. This poem stated that the author "took the one (road) less traveled by, and that has made all the difference" so the author is telling the reader that we too should not be afraid to take another path. The Road Not Taken is a twenty-line poem written in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABAAB. This poem starts with the author walking through the woods. He comes to a fork in the path and is torn by which path to take...does he take the path that is traveled by everybody, or the one rarely traveled upon? He decides to take the road less traveled by. By taking this path he changes his life in some way unknown to the reader. We get the idea that the poem starts out in the fall, "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood" (5). The season fall represents the year coming to an end, and e...

Technology in the Classroom Essay example -- Education Teaching

Technology in the Classroom Almost every single occupation in today’s working world is impacted by technology in one form or another. As I have grown as a person and a student, I have noticed the obvious impacts and changes technology is taking on in education. These changes and impacts are both positive and negative to the children, young adults, and adults who are pursuing technological opportunities. In The Art of Fiction, John Gardner said, â€Å"The business of education is to give the student useful information and life-enhancing experience, one largely measurable, the other not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One of the main reasons technologies are becoming so popular in today’s education is because it is introduced to children at any earlier age than every before. â€Å"Ninety-nine percent of all elementary and secondary schools in the United States have installed computers.†[1] Students are encouraged to research by using the internet for book reports, making banners or signs for science fairs, and typing their paper for an essay. I believe it is important for students to be introduced to this at an early age. I also believe that they get a well grounded understanding of the â€Å"important† reasons to use a computer. So many children get caught up in games, email, chat, and music because they may spend too much time on a computer. These things are okay to an extent, but they should really learn from an early age the true importance of technology in education. Technology is a major focus when discussing the ways to improve schools in the future. Because students are now becoming extremely educated when it comes to technology, school districts are now making it mandatory for teachers to be knowledgeable when it comes to technology, no mat... ...d not just be exposed to computers and the internet without some simple base knowledge. They need to understand the dangers that chat rooms, email, and â€Å"free† sites can have. Along with students, teachers and professors should be aware of what their students are accomplishing while using these various forms of technology. Not only will technology in the classrooms benefit their users in the present, but it will aide them when finding a job in the future. Technology is such and important part in education and it is only getting stronger. [1] Computer Confluence George Beekman Pg.419 [2] A Vision for Technology in Education http://www.nsba.org [3] Will Technology Really Change Education? Authors: Todd W. Kent and Robert F. McNergney 1998 http://www.ecsu.ctstateu.edu [4] http://nces.ed.gov [5] Computer Confluence Author: George Beekman Page 426 Technology in the Classroom Essay example -- Education Teaching Technology in the Classroom Almost every single occupation in today’s working world is impacted by technology in one form or another. As I have grown as a person and a student, I have noticed the obvious impacts and changes technology is taking on in education. These changes and impacts are both positive and negative to the children, young adults, and adults who are pursuing technological opportunities. In The Art of Fiction, John Gardner said, â€Å"The business of education is to give the student useful information and life-enhancing experience, one largely measurable, the other not†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One of the main reasons technologies are becoming so popular in today’s education is because it is introduced to children at any earlier age than every before. â€Å"Ninety-nine percent of all elementary and secondary schools in the United States have installed computers.†[1] Students are encouraged to research by using the internet for book reports, making banners or signs for science fairs, and typing their paper for an essay. I believe it is important for students to be introduced to this at an early age. I also believe that they get a well grounded understanding of the â€Å"important† reasons to use a computer. So many children get caught up in games, email, chat, and music because they may spend too much time on a computer. These things are okay to an extent, but they should really learn from an early age the true importance of technology in education. Technology is a major focus when discussing the ways to improve schools in the future. Because students are now becoming extremely educated when it comes to technology, school districts are now making it mandatory for teachers to be knowledgeable when it comes to technology, no mat... ...d not just be exposed to computers and the internet without some simple base knowledge. They need to understand the dangers that chat rooms, email, and â€Å"free† sites can have. Along with students, teachers and professors should be aware of what their students are accomplishing while using these various forms of technology. Not only will technology in the classrooms benefit their users in the present, but it will aide them when finding a job in the future. Technology is such and important part in education and it is only getting stronger. [1] Computer Confluence George Beekman Pg.419 [2] A Vision for Technology in Education http://www.nsba.org [3] Will Technology Really Change Education? Authors: Todd W. Kent and Robert F. McNergney 1998 http://www.ecsu.ctstateu.edu [4] http://nces.ed.gov [5] Computer Confluence Author: George Beekman Page 426

Joy Luck Club †Conflict Essay

Conflicts play a crucial role in novels and are seen in many different forms. Two of which are internal and external. An internal conflict is when a character must deal with private problems. An external conflict is when a character must deal with problems originating from another person or the public in general. These types of conflicts are visible within the novel entitled The Joy Luck Club written by Amy Tan. There are many prominent conflicts seen in The Joy Luck Club. Two of which I’ve chosen are between Waverly and Lindo, and between June and Waverly. The first prominent conflict within this novel deals with Waverly and her mother Lindo. Waverly feels as though her mother is attempting to ruin her life by causing her to â€Å"see black where there once was white† (186). Waverly believes Lindo is attempting to influence her daughter for the worse. She doesn’t want to be influenced by her mother’s opinions, her criticisms of everything that she loves, yet Waverly fears that even if she â€Å"recognized her sneak attack, she was afraid that some unseen speck of truth would fly into her eye, blur what she was seeing and transform it† (181) into the thing that her mother saw, into something full of faults, something that is not good enough for her. Waverly resents this, yet Lindo believes that it is for Waverly’s own good. She does not want Waverly to accept something just because it was a gift, like the fur jacket that Rich gave Waverly. Lindo believes that she has taught Waverly to grow up with valu es, with goals that everyone and everything must meet. As Waverly shows Lindo the jacket, Lindo inspects it, finally reporting, â€Å"This is not so good† (186). Waverly protests, â€Å"He gave me this from his heart,† (186) to which Lindo replies, â€Å"That is why I worry† (186). Lindo simply wants Waverly to strive for the best. Lindo believes that her daughter deserves the best, and nothing should influence her for the worse. The conflict between mother and daughter is finally resolved after Waverly confronts her mother about the verbal abuse she has endured. Waverly realizes that her mother is only â€Å"an old woman†¦ getting a little crabby as she waited patiently for her daughter to invite her in† (204). Waverly finally tells her mother about her life, especially about Rich, and they begin to get along better. Both must sacrifice a little pride to make the relationship work, but as they both do so, they grow closer and their relationship becomes stronger as a result. The second important conflict within The Joy Luck Club deals with the competition between June and Waverly. Their conflict begins at birth, considering that they are only one month apart. Their mothers started the competition by comparing which baby was the smartest, strongest, prettiest, and so on. They compare â€Å"the creases in their belly buttons, how shapely their earlobes were, how fast they healed when they scraped their legs, how thick and dark their hair† (27). As the children grow, they follow their mothers’ examples and begin to compete on their own, especially Waverly. Once Waverly becomes famous from her chess playing, she begins to rub her success in June’s face. Waverly was never afraid to make June feel bad about herself, stating after a bad piano recital, â€Å"You aren’t a genius like me† (151). June resents all that Waverly does to her, to make her lose confidence in herself. Even Waverly’s compliments are sneak attacks on June. The simplest statement could turn ugly in a second. For example, Waverly compliments her haircut at New Year’s, yet when she discovers that June still sees David, the gay man, she states, â€Å"He could have AIDS†¦ you can’t be too safe these days†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (229). June struggles with anger, and finally, after many years of torment, she sees her opportunity to prove Waverly wrong, to show her that she also makes mistakes. June states, â€Å"Maybe I could afford Mr. Rory’s prices if someone’s firm paid me on time† (230). However, this also backfires on June. Waverly is initially surprised and hurt, then she simply tells June that her copy writing was not what their firm was looking for. June is crushed again. She will never triumph over the genius, which is Waverly. June finally realizes that she will never be as smart or as strong as Waverly. June knows that â€Å"she is good at what she did, succeeding at something small like that† (233). She finally accepts herself as she is, ending her competition with Waverly once and for all. In closing, the conflicts within this book deal with internal and external conflicts for each character. Two of the most visible conflicts are between Lindo and Waverly, and between June and Waverly. Each of the conflicts is resolved through some sort of compromise on one or both sides.

A Family Centered Preschool Essay

Several people may ask the question, â€Å"What makes the difference in a family centered preschool? † This paper will help outline the importance of a family centered program versus a preschool that focuses only on the child. The learning of the children in family centered preschools are enhanced due to the focus points not only being on the child, but the family too. Educators can best help children achieve effectively by meeting the nine essential elements(Morrison, 2009). One of those nine elements is to develop a partnership with parents, families, and friends of each child. The focus of this paper is Abraham Maslow’s whole child concept(Maslow, 1954) and helping families resolve issues. This program style helps each child to learn and develop in a more consistent environment and maintaining the goals each family has expressed for their child. Family Centered Preschool As children prepare to enter preschool there are several areas required for educators to effectively address for the child and family to feel comfortable in this new type of environment. A family centered preschool’s goal is to focus on child and family not just the child. The first step in this process is to focus on any attachment issues. Attachment is normal for each child to go through. What makes attachment something important for educators to focus on? Well, it is a lasting emotional relationship that is part of child development and it begins in infancy. This process will continue throughout the child’s lifespan. It is important for early childhood educators and families to work together to recognize and agree on proper goals for the child so that each child attains proper development in this area. When preschool educators focus on providing healthy attachment development this will help each child transition more easily into school. One main goal of educators at this point is not to look down on the families of these children because this will hinder the ability to effectively support the adults in the child’s life. An educator must remain free of judgements and enter each relationship with an opened mind. The educators acts as an extended part of the child’s family remembering that it is not a competition game for the child’s affection. When attachment issues are recognized, very important to sit down with the family and correctly identify issues together. The next step would be to use problem solving techniques to resolve these issues. This could mean a few easy steps such as letting the child watching the parent leave when dropping the child off for preschool or providing the family with community resources such as classes educating the family on appropriately dealing with attachment issues. Setting the family up with an attachment expert would only need to be done if some of these things do not work. For example: a family has adopted the child and the child is not connecting with them. An educator could suggest some of the following: holding the baby more often, holding the bottle verses letting the child hold the bottle if still in bottle feeding stages, bathing with the baby (the skin to skin contact generates closeness), playing face to face games with baby (eye contact is important), and cuddling with the child. These are just a few suggestions that could be provided. Keeping staff well educated in this area and having a readily usable list of outside resources will help ensure the appropriate development of the children in the preschool. Once the attachment issues are resolved the child can move into the next stage of readiness for school which is self-help skills. Self-help skills become an important part of a child’s readiness for school. Educators of kindergarten expect each child to have already developed the skills to accomplish small tasks on their own. The job of the educators of a preschool is to help the child do things for themselves. Knowing how to appropriately teach the skills is very important. How adults respond to this is and to the exploring behavior will determine to some extent the child’s adult behavior(Gonzalez-Mena, 2009). Feeding themselves is one of the beginning lessons of preschool educators. Some families, based on culture, may find this a difficult task. Helping the family to recognize this is an important part of child development and working through the issues together will help to attain the goal of self feeding. Once the baby becomes mobile even bigger issues can arise. The main goal of this stage is to help the families set up a safe place for baby to explore in, after all this is what this stage of development is all about. When children are restricted to extremes, they loose their curiosity, their willingness to take risks, and their drive to be independent of others and do things for themselves(Gonzales-Mena, 2009). Toilet training falls within this category as well. Remembering to honor the values of each family will help to have a more successful result of developing self-help skills. After effectively working through self-help skill development, the next category will be to work on empowerment. Empowerment has a lot to do with issues of power and control. Educators can do a lot to facilitate empowerment and the controls that need to go with it to keep all children safe and secure. The immediate reaction of most adults in power struggle situations is to give lessons on sharing. This is not the appropriate approach. The educator must acknowledge and reflect feelings of both parties rather than to discuss sharing and fairness. To discuss sharing and fairness is null because these lessons have not yet been learned. The situation needs to become the learning guide for all children involved. Rather than create anger and grudges by removing something from one child and giving to the other, feelings on both parties should be acknowledged and then talked through. Explaining what took place and an appropriate reaction to correct the issue provides the child with options to do the right thing verses forcing the child to do the right thing. Other effective tools in dealing with empowerment are giving choices, setting limits, providing the ability for the child to play, and encourage self-help skills. Helping families to understand this simple guide will help alleviate issues at preschool. Families also need to understand providing a safe environment for children to explore in helps counter react power struggles. Allowing children to play outside of preschool with other children will help them achieve good healthy play habits for preschool. This may be the only interaction with other children that a single-child family has to mingle with other children. A suggestion to these families might be to create play groups. The educator could provide the families with tools in creating a schedule for play groups and meeting places. If they are not interested in using families of the preschool provide them with community play groups. Child avenue (http://www. childavenue. com/pages/playgroups_pages/playgroups_national. html) provides such resources to families and it is a nationwide data based tool. After leveling out empowerment issues, prosocial skills are next in line. Prosocial skills involve the skills for each child to learn what is important in life, right from wrong, and anything involving morals or values. This is a very controversial issue within any school whether it is preschool or high school. The best way to promote prosocial skill development is to do the following: model them yourself, explain why you are setting limits, encourage cooperation by finding ways to get children to work and play together, take a problem solving approach when dealing with conflicts, rather than a power stance, avoid punishment as a way of disciplining, do not be overpowering remember to empower instead, avoid using competition to motivate, help children to appreciate the world and people they share it with, give choices, teach children to solve conflicts without violence, and teach children to be peace makers (Gonzalez-Mena, 2009). If families also model these ways to promote prosocial skills the developmental process will be more beneficial. This may involve working closely with families to help them identify strengths and weakness to work on. Providing them with goals and guideline checklist as well as modeling the behaviors when working with the families. This can be a lengthy drawn out process but the results will be worth it all. While working on a successful completion of developing good prosocial skills, it may be necessary to work on self-esteem. Self-esteem is very important to the success of every aspect of life. If an individual perceives themselves in a negative way their accomplishments tend to be very limited. The ability to open the doors of the future depends on the appropriate development of a positive self-esteem. This does not mean an individual has to like everything about themselves, but rather accept themselves the way they are and make changes to the things they do not like. The serenity prayer is one passage that comes to mind when talking about self-esteem.

The Humane Conditions of the United States’ Japanese Internment Camps

In response to the attack on Pearl Harbor, Canadian and American governments took extreme actions to prevent possible Japanese attacks, first and foremost are the internment camps. Japanese internment camps housed Japanese US and non-US citizens from 1942-1945. The economic and social factors surrounding the camps were unprecedented. The United States managed the affair with somewhat of a dignified perspective while Canada on the other hand fully implemented dispossession, discrimination, but ignored a redress of any sort. In contrast to the United States, Canada completely exploited the Japaneses’ economic resources. Shortly before their evacuation to the camps the â€Å"to-be-interned† Japanese would quickly sell some or all of their personal possessions whether to the government or other white civilian buyers. Under the War Measures Act of 1943, the Japanese were required to pay taxes for every sold item which would later be auctioned; their land and other properties, if not sold, were immediately confiscated. Later, the property was resold to white Canadians and never returned. â€Å"Dispossession of Canadian citizens, was contrary to British principles of justice and to the Atlantic Charter,† announced Dr. Henry F. Angus, in opposition to Japanese internment. He demonstrates that even then were there individuals that recognized the unjustness of the camps. The taxes aforementioned were used for the payment of government employees and also to fund the internment camps and pay businessmen who took over maritime industries normally monopolized by Japanese. The United States was responsible for confiscating some private properties, but not nearly the amount of which Canada was responsible. The Canadians took economic advantage of the camps to their fullest extent. In Canada the social conditions of the Japanese internment camps were different from the Unites States camps which had the necessities such as food, shelter, and water. The ten Japanese internment camps in the United States were incomparable to the intolerable conditions in which Japanese Canadians were forced to live. Japanese Americans had facilities such as mess halls, bath houses, laundry buildings and recreational areas on the primacies. The detainees could specialize and join the work force to support themselves and spend their wages in the camp store. Children attended school and most families attended church on Sundays. Restrictions to which they had to abide included leaving the premises, criminal activities, worship of the state Shinto, food and water rations, and others. Canadian camps provided extremely limited resources to the interned, sometimes providing only 10 toilets for 1,500 women, while shortages of food were common. As sickness spread so did a hatred of both American and Canadian Caucasian citizens whether they were responsible or not for the Japanese’s incarceration. Approximately 60 years later, the US felt a moral obligation to redress about 550 Japanese citizens that were associated with internment camps. About 12 million US dollars were distributed to the few remaining victimized families. This is embarrassing and tragic at the very least, admitting our injustice publically. However they took responsibility for their actions which explains how Japanese immersion and social acceptance in America’s society developed Americans’ humility and honor. Through such compensation of moneys and in some cases property Americans regained the faith of the Japanese to some degree. Canada on the other hand showed very little mercy to the delicate minority and interned every Japanese immigrant. Families were torn apart without hesitation, separating husbands from wives and children from mothers, leaving families with absolutely nothing but bitterness and sour remorse after being subjects to the government’s lethal power. Prior to installing the Japanese internment camps Canada and America were immersed in a state of fear after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The two regions had agreed to inform the other of changes in policies within the internment camps when they were built. One country fed off the other, trying to find some justification for their dreadful treatment of the interned Japanese. As the United States confiscated land Canada dispossessed boats for economic profit; while the standard of living in American internment camps was low, the Canadians took it one step further, providing them with little supplies and a socially cold shoulder. The United States maintained the Japanese internment camps better than the Canadians, providing them with scarce necessities but humane conditions. Works Cited Challenge to Democracy, A (1944). U. S. War Relocation Authority. March 3rd, 2010 http://www. archive. org/details/Challeng1944 The Politics of Racism . Ann Sunahara. March 3rd, 2010 http://www. japanesecanadianhistory. ca/

Federal Indian Policy Essay

When the newly founded United States of America gained its independence from Britain, they were faced with many new challenges. One of their biggest challenges was establishing and building upon their own domain that Britain had transferred at the Peace Treaty of 1783. 1 Of course, this land was still inhabited by Indian peoples. The United States knew that territorial expansion was inevitable and to the Indians, this meant war. Creek chief Hallowing King said, â€Å"Our lands are our life and breath. If we part with them, we part with our blood. †2 This turned out to be a constant changing battle for territorial dominance and an era of changing federal Indian policy. The new America followed British ideas and created an Indian Department. This department established many rules for the sale and transfer of Indian lands with the hope of regulating the advancement of the western frontier. 3 In 1790, Congress enacted the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act. 4 Backed by President Washington and the Indian Department, this act stipulated that Congress would regulate all trade, interaction and even intercourse with all Native Americans. 5 Congress regulated this Act by issuing licenses to approved individuals. Failure to obey this law led to apprehension and a trail in court. 6 However, many American famers ignored this bill and would steal Indians to use as slaves. Naturally, the Indians fought back which led to bloody encounters. As Americans continued to ease westward, many battles and treaties began to emerge. The Battle of Fallen Timbers was one of the more popular encounters. The Western Lakes Confederacy which consisted of several numerous tribes had achieved major victories in the past. It was President Washington’s goal to put their victories to an end. 7 The Americans out-numbered the Indians and destroyed many villages in the region. This battle led to the form of many treaties like the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. This ended the Northwest Indian War which the Battle of Fallen Timbers was a part of. In exchange of goods valued at $20,000, the Indians turned over large parts of the modern-day area of Ohio. 8 This was a tremendous victory for the United States and it certainly gave them the momentum in establishing Indian policy and in the race for territorial expansion. However, the fight and establishment for federal Indian policy did not end in the Ohio Valley. The United States began to realize that the Indians and Americans would not be able to co-exist in the same eastern territory. President Thomas Jefferson began implementing the policy of â€Å"removing† Indians from their eastern homelands. The government decided they could go about this a few different ways. They could try to destroy the Indian peoples, assimilate them to American society, protect them on their ancestral lands or remove them to more distant, western lands. 9 It was Jefferson’s plan to use the process of dispossession with minimal government. This plan involved allowing American settlements to slowly border the Indians, either allowing them to become civilized Americans or letting them flee beyond the Mississippi with the hopes of establishing multiple treaties. 10 Well, that is exactly what happened. This strategy to acquire Indian lands resulted in nearly thirty treaties with several tribes and the cession of 200,000 square miles of Indian territory. 11 This Jeffersonian policy proved to be very effective for the young United States. The more â€Å"conservative† removal policies of the American government took a halt when Andrew Jackson was elected President in 1828. Jackson was a famous Indian fighter who was often referred to as very vocal on his Indian views. He regarded the Indians as inferior and even referred to them as â€Å"savages that must be removed. †12 Jacksons radical approach upset many natives and led to the Cherokee resistance. The Cherokees were confined to the state of Georgia where they decided to reconstruct their tribal government. They created a constitution, established a language, had bountiful resources and even created a newspaper. However, this only increased the pressure for their American neighbors to take control of this Cherokee territory. The state of Georgia called upon Congress to begin negotiations with the Cherokees so they could leave their land. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act allowing the president to negotiate treaties of removal with all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. One year later, the Cherokee Nation brought a suit against the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court ruled in the case of Worcester v. Georgia that the Cherokee Nation was â€Å"a distinct community, occupying its own territory where the laws of Georgia can have no force. †13 Georgia ignored this ruling and continued violating the Cherokee region. Faced with destruction or removal, the Cherokees signed the Treaty of New Echota, where they agreed to relocate west of the Mississippi River. 14 This relocation devastated the Cherokee Nation’s emotions and is known as the Trail of Tears in 1835. As you can see, the United States of America was faced with a very difficult dilemma in having to force federal Indian policies to maintain the control of the eastern frontier. Although much blood was shed over the policies between Washington’s and Jackson’s administrations, much more blood could have been shed and treaties could have never formed. This could have possibly changed the face of the United States as we know it today. Notes 1. Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples; A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins’, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008, 219. 2. Calloway, 218. 3. Calloway, 219. 4. Prucha, P. Francis. Federal Indian Policy. May 2 2005. http://www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009), 2. 5. Prucha, 2. 6. Prucha, 2. 7. Prucha, 3. 8. Calloway, 230. 9. Calloway, 229. 10. Calloway, 230. 11. Calloway, 228. 12. Calloway, 231. 13. Seal, David. The Trail of Tears. Oct 19 1994. http://ngeorgia. com/history/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009), 1. 14. Seal, 1. Bibliography Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples; A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins’, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008. Prucha, P. Francis. â€Å"Federal Indian Policy† May 2 2005. http://www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009). Seal, David. â€Å"The Trail of Tears. † Oct 19 1994. http://ngeorgia. com/history/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009).

The Evolution of Human Resource Management and the Contemporary Essay

The Evolution of Human Resource Management and the Contemporary Approach to Human Capital Management - Essay Example It is, therefore, a measure of an employee’s economic value based on the employee’s skill set. The concept of human capital appreciates the fact that labor is not equal, and human capital can be improved through investment in training and development. The quality and level of education, experience and skills of an employee have economic value to employers and the whole economy (Skelton and Anderson 2008). Human resource management (HRM) is the process of hiring and developing employees in order to make them more valuable to the organization. Formerly known as personnel management, HRM evolves into a broader profession engaging more actively in employee management to include tasks such as, conducting job analysis, recruiting the right people, orientation and training, dispute resolution and communicating with employees at all levels. HR professionals must possess extensive knowledge of the industry and demonstrate leadership qualities and effective negotiation skills (Sk elton and Anderson 2008). Overview of human resource management The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), in 2005, found that 54.8% of HR professionals worldwide encountered bureaucratic obstacles and marginalization in their careers, in the organizations they worked with (Lundy and Cowling 1996). In light with the terms used to define HR professionals today, for example, ‘strategic partner’, HR has adopted a more strategic role in management unlike the previous functional role. For example, in 2005, Mercer, on his global study on HR found that half of the companies were restructuring to give HR a more strategic role. HR managers have shifted from the more traditional approach of role reporting that was mainly transaction based where they had to report to an administrative manager. They are now currently members of the senior management. Unlike other professions like insurance and banking that have a more identifiable consistencies and an almost linear evolution path, HR’s role within an organization can almost be described as scatter gram characterized by a series of disjointed activities(Lundy and Cowling 1996). Borrowing from the first principles of evolution, HR has gone through an inter-generational process of variation, selection and retention of the best practices. Variation implies acquisition of new kinds of skills sets, motivations and expectations, and triggered by various internal and external environmental changes among HR professionals. These forces selectively eliminate certain variations and promote other variations to be favoured by the selection process. While variation is personal, selection impacts the structure of workforce of an organization. Studies have documented that, organizations deliberately preserve, duplicate or reproduce the selected variations as has been confirmed by the spreading of strategic HR practices through geographical regions and organizations (Lundy and Cowling 1996). Where technological i nnovations such as software applications have made functional tasks for HR professionals obsolete, HR professionals have had enough time to articulate on strategic goals instead of routine administrative tasks. For example, payroll software automated previously labour intensive tasks for HR professionals, leaving them with ample time for higher strategic thinking required by the knowledge economy. More sophisticated technologies like the 360-degrees performance appraisal programme  emphasizes strategic management skills, and the accompanying software requires HR professionals to upgrade their skill set to levels required in using and developing these technologies. Virtual offices have eliminated the ability to monitor employees manually, necessitating use

NonBelievers, Foreigners, & Strangers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NonBelievers, Foreigners, & Strangers - Essay Example Essentially, for Jews, foreigners and non-believers were those who believed in many gods and were not subscribing to the idea of one God. One of the key and essential aspects of how Judaism viewed strangers and kept a distance from them can be understood from celebration of the Passover in which God said to Moses that no foreigner shall eat of this Passover except slaves which have been purchased. Judaism also seem to put some conditions on non-believers to live with them and also suggest to love the stranger because Moses was a stranger too in Egypt. Christianity on the other hand however believes that its message is for everyone and that people might convert to Christianity. As such the position it shows towards foreigners or non-believers is relatively different as compared to Judaism. In Romans, it is written that Christians should extend hospitality to the strangers. Lord also says that he will speak to the strangers though they may not listen to him. (Berlinerblau, 2005) Islamic teachings indicate that it is the last religion and have actually perfected what was initially being preached by Judaism and Christianity. Islam explicitly seems to address the issue of non-believers and preach its followers not to take Christians as well as Jews as their friends. Islam however seems to believe in the idea that each one should preach their own religion without actually interfering with each other. Islam particularly prohibits non-believers to visit the cities of Mecca and Medina and restrict the access of non-believers to its sacred sites. Each faction however, is reacting to the current events differently with Muslims believe that Jews and Christians are responsible for most of the problems which are now encountered by the world generally and Muslims specifically. The issue of Jerusalem and Palestine is critical the way three religions attempt to stamp their ownership to the

An investigation into the current success factors for small and medium Essay

An investigation into the current success factors for small and medium enterprises in Thailand - Essay Example That is, identifying those characteristics of the enterprise relating to its management, relationships with other entities, contextual variables, etc. that either lead to or contribute in some way to the enterprise being successful. This research thus makes use of the construct of ‘success factor’, which is also mentioned in the hypothesis. The success factors themselves are qualitative because they are not quantifiable. These are possible underlying factors, which could indirectly contribute to the success of the SME based on the information gathered during the literature review. Examples are as a highly knowledgeable manager or a strong link to a supportive larger enterprise so they are not apparent as such. The success however, is measurable, for example, in terms of total sales growth, number of customers, and amount of profits as done by Vichitdhanabadee et al. (2009) or volume of exports. The major research question, which derives directly from the stated purpose o f the study, has been framed as follows: What are the underlying success factors for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Thailand?The major hypothesis that will be tested in the quantitative phase of the study will be: There is a significant degree of positive underlying success factors that are contributing to the success of the SME. We assume that it is the preponderance of underlying success factors, such as those identified in Chapter One that lead to the success of a SME. A number of null hypotheses can be constructed, as in the two examples below, for testing the validity of the major hypothesis based on measurable quantities. There is no causal relationship between the value of capital and business performance. There is no causal relationship between the size of the enterprise in terms of the number of employees and total sales. 3.3 Research design and method This study will combine both quantitative and qualitative methods for the data collection and data analysis. It will thus take a mixed method approach, as il lustrated in Figure 1. These will then be compared and combined to construct a composite model of the study findings. This research design is shown in the figure below. It is to be noted that the quantitative phase will commence first followed by the qualitative phase. This will therefore be an explanatory sequential model. Figure 1: Mixed method (explanatory sequential) research design to be employed During the quantitative phase, data will be collected from the return of questionnaires from a mail-administered survey. During the qualitative phase, data will be collected by conducting a few case studies, which will involve carrying out interviews of Thai SME managers. In addition, some document analyses will also be conducted for gathering relevant information, such as from company profiles, reports and websites. The analysis of the quantitative data will be in the form of descriptive statistics of the data gathered from the survey. Descriptive statist

Change Management and Physical Restructuring of the Irish Defence Essay

Change Management and Physical Restructuring of the Irish Defence Forces - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the Irish Defence Forces are the armed services of the Irish Military. It consists of Naval Services, the Air Corps, the Army (covering ground and air operations), and the Reserve Defence Forces are made of part-time military members. Commissioned officers in the Defence Forces are granted their commissions by the President of Ireland, with supplementary decision-making and presidential representation occurring through the Irish Minister of Defence. It is the responsibility of the Defence Forces to secure the state against foreign and domestic threats, prepare the state for terrorist and non-terrorist armed military threats, ensure peace-keeping in the country, and provide humanitarian relief efforts coordinated with support from the United Nations. Domestic non-combat activities include policing of fisheries, bomb disposal, and stabilizing chemical threats. In 2009, the Irish Defence Forces began to over-run its allotted budget for op erations, which had been set at â‚ ¬688 million.   This situation called for a restructuring of the Irish Defence Forces since the government could not afford another budgetary increase to secure effective and productive operations. This restructuring involved labor reduction of key services including barrack, condensed tangible resource allocation to the Forces, and redeployment of posted service persons to undertake front-line operational roles.

Role of Technology in Education Research Proposal

Role of Technology in Education - Research Proposal Example With the rapid advancement of technology, the suggestions are expected to remain viable for a maximum of ten years. Research Methodology Research will initially be conducted by use of questionnaires. Learning institutions that are using technology will share their experiences before and after making the shift. The results will then be presented to technology experts for review. Scholarly materials will also be presented to them for viability checks and suggested improvements. Terminologies and Key Concepts Proposed These are computers, the internet, websites, teleconferencing and mobile devices. Computers are the fundamental interfaces between man and technology. The internet and websites will refer to the network of private and public connections and resources. Teleconferencing is the technology that allows geographically separated parties to speak while viewing the other person and any communications to be shared visually. Mobile devices, like computers, serve as interfaces between man and technology, only that they are portable and an be used while one is mobile. The Study and Literature Reviews Researches in the past two decades (Grauwe 9) and a report from the United States Congress Office of Technology Assessment have indicated that learning via computer and telecommunications technologies are the factors bridging the gaps between society and learning institutions. In this literature, most of the emphasis was placed on the relevance of what the education processes could offer with or without using new technologies. It was unanimously concluded (Grauwe 12) that the impact of technology in education was only beginning to be felt and teachers... This paper approves that the scope of this research will be restricted to primary, secondary and university education and how technology has shaped them in the past two decades. The study has been necessitated by the need to understand how education may benefit from the ever growing technology and impart better quality education to students. Material for the study will be sourced from scholarly journals, reports, websites and interviews. Interviews will include teachers, students and technology experts. This paper makes a conclusion that the research will initially be conducted by use of questionnaires. Learning institutions that are using technology will share their experiences before and after making the shift. The results will then be presented to technology experts for review. Scholarly materials will also be presented to them for viability checks and suggested improvements. while it is evident that technology is not attempting to replace education, it is time to ensure that each student owns a digital device for various beneficial reasons and have them in class, just like they have always had their textbooks. Most of the literatures used in this study suggest that the greater value of technology should be seen in the content it lends to learning experiences. Technology is part of the tools that makes learning more affordable, universal and interesting. To start with, digital devices are being developed exponentially and at affordable costs. Then, the quality and volume of digital learning content is bursting its borders and online interactive environments are getting more useful and easier to use and navigate through. The digital devices can be used to update and maintain portfolios, obtain grade updates, access information and news while managing the learning life.

Reproductive Rights ( healthcare ethics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reproductive Rights ( healthcare ethics) - Essay Example though in the Moschetta case, the biological as well as gestational mother is one and the same, the custody of the child is denied her for that was not the intent with which she entered pregnancy. Having looked at the precedents, it is important to note that in the domain of reproductive rights, broad generalizations cannot be made. The rulings will have to be made on a case by case basis considering the legal and ethical complexities that such cases present. Course A: If John and Jane conclude that it is unfair to abandon the baby and decide to act as agreed in the contract, then Gina will play no subsequent role in all decisions related to the child. Common sense would dictate that the issue of gender reclassification should be postponed till puberty, which would allow the child to better cope with the impending confusion and distress. Course B: But, if John and Jane are no longer in the picture after the fourth month of gestation and Gina decides not to abort as per her religious instructions, then obviously, she will be the sole custodian and hence has all parental rights. But there is another important factor to be taken into account – the mode of settlement. If both parties (John & Jane on the one hand and Gina on the other) amicably agree to dissolve the contract, then Course B will play itself out. Even if the disagreement escalates into a lawsuit, Course B is the only likely outcome. In the latter scenario, Gina will in all likelihood have her medical expenses covered during the gestation period. The fact that the pregnancy is in the fourth month (second trimester) makes abortion an unreasonable option. An abortion at this stage is painful for both mother and fetus. Irrespective of whether life begins at birth or at conception, the mere fact that the life of the mother will be jeopardized in a second trimester abortion is a strong ethical reason to not abort. As to the question of whether age should be a factor in Assisted Reproductive

BHS 427 - Health Care Finance (Module 4-SLP) Essay

BHS 427 - Health Care Finance (Module 4-SLP) - Essay Example If the husband or wife has paid Medicare taxes when employed, such people are enrolled to Part A without paying monthly premium. If Medicare taxes have not been paid during employment, they can apply for Part A and pay premium which changes year by year. The premium rate for 2009 is as follows: Part B: Medicare medical insurance is taken mainly to avail those services which Part A does not cover and it is optional. It offers the rights like doctors’ services, outpatient care and other medical services. The premium is decided by the individual. Some pay a standard monthly premium of $96.40 and others on the basis of their income. A case if costs more than the â€Å"fixed-loss cost threshold amount (a dollar amount by which the costs of a case must exceed payments in order to qualify for outliers).† (Outlier payments, 2006). Medicare payments to hospitals fall under two categories-prospective payment and physician payment. The prospective payments include costs like operating cost, capital cost and outlier cost. Operating cost is paid if the patient has to stay long in the hospital. Capital cost includes cost for treatment and care to the patient. If a patient uses extraordinary resources then outlier cost is charged which is an additional payment. Physician payment is calculated on the basis of current procedural terminology (CPT) codes. The payment rate depends upon the Work RVU, Practise expense RVU and Malpractice RVU which may vary by region. What are the Medicare premiums and coinsurance rate for 2009?: Answer: For each benefit period you pay. (2008). U S Department of health & human services. Retrieved June 5, 2009, from

Crevecoeur Letter What is an American Essay Example for Free

Crevecoeur Letter What is an American Essay Discussion question: What, to Crà ¨vecoeur, are  the differences between a European subject and an American citizen? I WISH I could be acquainted with the feelings and thoughts which must agitate the heart and present themselves to the mind of an enlightened Englishman, when he first lands on this continent. He must greatly rejoice that he lived at a time to see this fair country discovered and settled; he must necessarily feel a share of national pride, when he views the chain of settlements which embellishes these extended shores. When he says to himself, this is the work of my countrymen, who, when convulsed by factions, afflicted by a variety of miseries and wants, restless and impatient, took refuge here. They brought along with them their national genius, to which they principally owe what liberty they enjoy, and what substance they possess. Here he sees the industry of his native country displayed in a new manner, and traces in their works the embryos of all the arts, sciences, and ingenuity which flourish in Europe. Here he beholds fair cities, substantial villages, extensive fields, an immense country filled with decent houses, good roads, orchards, meadows, and bridges, where an hundred years ago all was wild, woody and uncultivated!†¦. He is arrived on a new continent; a modern society offers itself to his contemplation, different from what he had hitherto seen. It is not composed, as in Europe, of great lords who possess every thing and of a herd of people who have nothing. Here are no aristocratic families, no courts, no kings, no bishops, no ecclesiastical dominion, no invisible power giving to a few a very visible one; no great manufacturers employing thousands, no great refinements of luxury. The rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe. Some few towns excepted, we are all tillers of the earth, from Nova Scotia to West Florida. We are a people of cultivators, scattered over an immense territory communicating with each other by means of good roads and navigable rivers, united by the silken bands of mild government, all respecting the laws, without dreading their power, because they are equitable. We are all animated with the spirit of an industry which is unfettered and unrestrained, because each person works for himself. If he travels through our rural districts he views not the hostile castle, and the haughty mansion, contrasted with the clay-built hut and miserable cabin, where cattle and men help to keep each other warm, and dwell in meanness, smoke, and indigence. A pleasing uniformity of decent competence appears throughout our habitations. The meanest of our loghouses is a dry and comfortable habitation. Lawyer or merchant are the fairest titles our towns afford; that of a farmer is the only appellation of the rural inhabitants of our country. It must take some time here (before) he can reconcile himself to our dictionary, which is but short in words of dignity, and names of honour†¦.. We have no princes, for whom we toil, starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world. Here man is free; as he ought to be; nor is this pleasing equality so transitory as many others are. Many ages will not see the shores of our great lakes replenished with inland nations, nor the unknown bounds of North America  entirely peopled. Who can tell how far it extends? Who can tell the millions of men whom it will feed and contain? for no European foot has as yet traveled half the extent of this mighty continent! The next wish of this traveler will be to know whence came all these people? they are mixture of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Dutch, Germans, and Swedes. From this promiscuous breed, that race now called Americans have arisen. The eastern provinces must indeed be excepted, as being the unmixed descendants of Englishmen. I have heard many wish that they had been more intermixed also: for my part, I am no wisher, and think it much better as it has happened†¦.. I know it is fashionable to reflect on them, but I respect them for what they have done; for the accuracy and wisdom with which they have settled their territory; for the decency of their manners; for their  early love of letters; their ancient college, the first in this hemisphere; for their industry; which to me who am but a farmer, is the criterion of everything. There never was a people, situated as they are, who with so ungrateful a soil have done more in so short a time†¦.. In this great American asylum, the poor of Europe have by some means met together, and in consequence of various causes; to what purpose should they ask one another what countrymen they are? Alas, two thirds of them had no country. Can a wretch who wanders about, who works and starves, whose life is a continual scene of sore affliction or pinching penury; can that man call England or any other kingdom his country? A country that had no bread for him, whose fields procured him no harvest, who met with nothing but the frowns of the rich, the severity of the laws, with jails and punishments; who owned not a single foot of the extensive surface of this planet? No! urged by a variety of motives, here they came. Every thing has tended to regenerate them; new laws, a new mode of living, a new social system; here they are become men: in Europe they were as so many useless plants, wanting vegitative mould, and refreshing showers; they withered, and were mowed down by want, hunger, and war; bu t now by the power of transplantation, like all other plants they have taken root and flourished! Formerly they were not numbered in any civil lists of their country, except in those of the poor; here they rank as citizens. By what invisible power has this surprising metamorphosis been performed? By that of the laws and that of their industry. The laws, the indulgent laws, protect them as they arrive, stamping on them the symbol of adoption; they receive ample rewards for their labours; these accumulated rewards procure them lands; those lands confer on them the title of freemen, and to that title every benefit is affixed which men can possibly require. This is the great operation daily performed by our laws. From whence proceed these laws? From our government. Whence the government? It is derived from the original genius and strong desire of the people ratified and confirmed by the crown. This is the great chain which links us all †¦.. What attachment can a poor European emigrant have for a country where he had nothing? The knowledge of the language, the love of a few kindred as poor as  himself, were the only cords that tied him: his country is now that which gives him land, bread, protection, and consequence†¦..What then is the American, this new man? He is either an European, or the descendant of an European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. I could point out to you a family whose grandfather was an Englishman, whose wife was Dutch, whose son married a French woman, and whose present four sons have now four wives of different nations. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient  prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. He becomes an American by being received in the broad lap of our great Alma Mater. Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labours and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. Americans are the western pilgrims, who are carrying along with them that great mass of arts, sciences, vigour, and industry which began long since in the east; they will finish the great circle. The Americans were once scattered all over Europe; here they are incorporated into one of the finest systems of population which has ever appeared, and which will hereafter become distinct by the power of the different climates they inhabit. The American ought therefore to love this country much better than that wherein either he or his forefathers were born. Here the rewards of his industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labour; his labour is founded on the basis of nature, self-interest; can it want a stronger allurement? Wives and children, who before in vain demanded of him a morsel of bread, now, fat and frolicsome, gladly help their father to clear those fields whence exuberant crops are to arise to feed and to clothe them all; without any part being claimed, either by a despotic prince, a rich abbot, or a mighty lord. I lord religion demands but little of him; a small voluntary salary to the minister, and gratitude to God; can he refuse these? The American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions†¦..This is an American.  (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..)Men are like plants; the goodness and flavour of the fruit proceeds from the peculiar soil and exposition in which they grow. We are nothing but what we derive from the air we breathe, the climate we inhabit, the government we obey, the system of religion we profess, and the nature of our employment. Here you will find but few crimes; these have acquired as yet no root among us. I wish I were able to trace all my ideas; if my ignorance prevents me from describing them properly, I hope I shall be able to delineate a few of the outlines, which are all I propose. Those who live near the sea, feed more on fish than on flesh, and often encounter that boisterous element. This renders them more bold and enterprising; this leads them to neglect the confined occupations of the land. They see and converse with a variety of people; their intercourse with mankind becomes extensive. The sea inspires them with a love of traffic, a desire of transporting produce from one place to another; and leads them to a variety of resources which supply the place of labour. Those who inhabit the middle settlements, by far the most numerous, must be very different; the simple cultivation of the earth purifies them, but the indulgences of the government, the soft remonstrances of religion, the rank of independent freeholders, must necessarily inspire them with sentiments, very little known in Europe among people of the same class. What do I say? Europe has no such class of men; the early knowledge they acquire, the early bargains they make, give them a great degree of sagacity. As freemen they will be litigious; pride and obstinacy are often the cause of law suits; the nature of our laws and governments may be another. As citizens it is easy to imagine, that they will carefully read the newspapers, enter into every political disquisition, freely blame or censure governors and others. As farmers they will be careful and anxious to get as much as they can, because what they get is their own. As northern men they will love the cheerful cup. As Christians, religion curbs them not in their opinions; the general indulgence leaves every one to  think for themselves in spiritual matters; the laws inspect our actions, our  thoughts are left to God. Industry, good living, selfishness, litigiousness, country politics, the pride of freemen, religious indifference, are their characteristics. If you recede still farther from the sea, you will come into more modern settlements; they exhibit the same strong lineaments, in a ruder appearance. Religion seems to have still less influence, and their manners are less improved. Now we arrive near the great woods, near the last inhabited districts; there men seem to be placed still farther beyond the reach of government, which in some measure leaves them to themselves. How can it pervade every corner; as they were driven there by misfortunes, necessity of beginnings, desire of acquiring large tracks of land, idleness, frequent want of economy, ancient debts; the re-union of such people does not afford a very pleasing spectacle. When discord, want of unity and friendship; when either drunkenness or idleness prevail in such remote districts; contention, inactivity, and wretchedness must ensue. There are not the same remedies to these evils as in a long established community. The few magistrates they have, are in general little better than the rest; they are often in a perfect state of war; that of man against man, sometimes decided by blows, sometimes by means of the law; that of man against every wild inhabitant of these venerable woods, of which they are com e to dispossess them. There men appear to be no better than carnivorous animals of a superior rank, living on the flesh of wild animals when they can catch them, and when they are not able, they subsist on grain. He who wish to see America in its proper light, and have a true idea of its feeble beginnings barbarous rudiments, must visit our extended line of frontiers where the last settlers dwell, and where he may see the first labours of the mode of clearing the earth, in their different appearances; where men are wholly left dependent on their native tempers, and on the spur of uncertain industry, which often fails when not sanctified by the efficacy of a few moral rules. There, remote from the power of example, and check of shame, many families exhibit the most hideous parts of our society†¦..(But after ten or twelve years) prosperity will polish some, vice and the law will drive off the rest, who uniting again with others like themselves will recede still farther; making room for more industrious people, who will finish their improvements, convert the  loghouse into a convenient habitation, and rejoicing that the first heavy labours are finished, will change in a few years that hit herto barbarous country into a fine fertile, well regulated district. Such is our progress, such is the march of the Europeans toward the interior parts of this continent. In all societies there are off-casts; this impure part serves as our precursors or pioneers; my father himself was one of that class, but he came upon honest principles, and was therefore one of the few who held fast; by good conduct and temperance, he transmitted to me his fair inheritance, when not above one in fourteen of his contemporaries had the same good fortune†¦. Exclusive of those general characteristics, each province has its own, founded on the government, climate, mode of husbandry, customs, and peculiarity of circumstances. Europeans submit insensibly to these great powers, and become, in the course of a few generations, not only Americans in general, but either Pennsylvanians, Virginians, or provincials under some other name. Whoever traverses the continent must easily observe those strong differences, which will grow more evident in time. The inhabitants of Canada, Massachusetts, the middle provinces, the southern ones will be as different as their climates; thei r only points of unity will be those of religion and language.